**Switchable Normalization** combines three types of statistics estimated channel-wise, layer-wise, and minibatch-wise by using [instance normalization](https://paperswithcode.com/method/instance-normalization), [layer normalization](https://paperswithcode.com/method/layer-normalization), and [batch normalization](https://paperswithcode.com/method/batch-normalization) respectively. [Switchable Normalization](https://paperswithcode.com/method/switchable-normalization) switches among them by learning their importance weights.

**BIDeN**, or **Blind Image Decomposition Network**, is a model for blind image decomposition, which requires separating a superimposed image into constituent underlying images in a blind setting, that is, both the source components involved in mixing as well as the mixing mechanism are unknown.  For example, rain may consist of multiple components, such as rain streaks, raindrops, snow, and haze. 

The Figure shows an example where $N = 4, L = 2, x = {a, b, c, d}$, and $I = {1, 3}$. $a, c$ are selected then passed to the mixing function $f$, and outputs the mixed input image $z$, which is $f\left(a, c\right)$ here. The generator consists of an encoder $E$ with three branches and multiple heads $H$. $\bigotimes$ denotes the concatenation operation. Depth and receptive field of each branch is different to capture multiple scales of features. Each specified head points to the corresponding source component, and the number of heads varies with the maximum number of source components N. All reconstructed images $\left(a', c'\right)$ and their corresponding real images $\left(a, c\right)$ are sent to an unconditional discriminator. The discriminator also predicts the source components of the input image $z$. The outputs from other heads $\left(b', d'\right)$ do not contribute to the optimization.

BIDeN

Blind Image Decomposition

Switchable Normalization

Differentiable Learning-to-Normalize via Switchable Normalization

**Multi-Head Linear Attention** is a type of linear multi-head self-attention module, proposed with the [Linformer](https://paperswithcode.com/method/linformer) architecture. The main idea is to add two linear projection matrices $E\_{i}, F\_{i} \in \mathbb{R}^{n\times{k}}$ when computing key and value. We first project the original $\left(n \times d\right)$-dimensional key and value layers $KW\_{i}^{K}$ and $VW\_{i}^{V}$ into $\left(k\times{d}\right)$-dimensional projected key and value layers. We then compute a $\left(n\times{k}\right)$ dimensional context mapping $\bar{P}$ using scaled-dot product attention:

$$ \bar{\text{head}\_{i}} = \text{Attention}\left(QW^{Q}\_{i}, E\_{i}KW\_{i}^{K}, F\_{i}VW\_{i}^{V}\right) $$

$$ \bar{\text{head}\_{i}} = \text{softmax}\left(\frac{QW^{Q}\_{i}\left(E\_{i}KW\_{i}^{K}\right)^{T}}{\sqrt{d\_{k}}}\right) \cdot F\_{i}VW\_{i}^{V} $$

Finally, we compute context embeddings for each head using $\bar{P} \cdot \left(F\_{i}{V}W\_{i}^{V}\right)$.

Source	Differentiable Learning-to-Normalize via Switchable Normalization
Year	2000
Data Source	CC BY-SA - https://paperswithcode.com

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What is: Switchable Normalization?

Viet-Anh on Software